India's rivers are home to around 6,327 dolphins, predominantly the Gangetic dolphins, which struggle against various threats that jeopardize their existence. Unlike their ocean-dwelling relatives, these river dolphins possess distinct features: they swim sideways, are almost blind, and have long snouts adapted to their freshwater habitats. The latest comprehensive survey, conducted by researchers from the Wildlife Institute of India, spanned 58 rivers over ten states from 2021 to 2023.
These river dolphins, often referred to as "living fossils," evolved millions of years ago from marine ancestors and adapted to live in the shallow, murky waters of South Asia's rivers. However, the numbers have been concerning; since 1980, over 500 have perished, largely due to accidental entanglement in fishing gear and intentional killing, driven by a lack of awareness regarding their conservation.
In 2009, the Gangetic dolphin was declared India's national aquatic animal, and subsequent conservation measures, including a 2020 action plan and a dedicated research center set to launch in 2024, have contributed to stabilizing their populations. However, poaching for oil extraction and habitat disruption from increasing river cruise tourism pose ongoing threats, as these dolphins are sensitive to noise and disturbances in their environment.
Conservationists warn that without more rigorous protections and community engagement, river dolphins may face devastating consequences, much like the extinct Yangtze Baiji dolphin. Their unique ecological adaptations, such as echolocation, which aids in navigating murky waters, also make them particularly vulnerable to modern challenges, including boat collisions.
Despite these challenges, conservationists like Ravindra Kumar Sinha remain optimistic, emphasizing that government initiatives have initiated positive changes, but underscore that persistent effort is crucial for the future of India’s river dolphins.
